Which of the following was NOT one of the four tenure classes created by the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950?

Raiyatwari, a revenue system of other regions

Bhumidhar, the owner-type class with heritable rights

Sirdar, the permanent heritable class of cultivators

Asami, the tenant class with heritable but limited rights

Raiyatwari, a revenue system of other regions

Under the 1972 amendment to the Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1960, what is the ceiling area for a tenure-holder whose family has up to five members?

7.30 hectares of irrigated land held by the family

12.5 acres of land for a family of any size

9 hectares of irrigated land for a family of up to five

7.30 hectares of irrigated land held by the family

40 acres of fair-quality land for each family

What is the principal purpose of chakbandi under the Uttar Pradesh Consolidation of Holdings Act?

To replace scattered plots with fewer compact plots

To fix the price at which sugarcane is bought from growers

To abolish the rights of intermediaries in all estates

To declare land above the ceiling as surplus for distribution

Under the UP Revenue Code, 2006, which of the following is correct about the statute's relationship with earlier laws?

It repealed the 1950 Zamindari Act and the 1901 Land Revenue Act, among other enactments

It was enforced in 2006, the year the legislature passed it, and applied at once everywhere

It gave Scheduled Caste bhumidhars no transfer rights, so they could not sell or mortgage land

It applies only to areas that were never governed by the 1950 Act, leaving older zones under the 1901 Act

Which Act regulates the sale and purchase of agricultural produce and establishes regulated markets and market committees in Uttar Pradesh?

UP Sugarcane (Regulation of Supply and Purchase) Act, 1953

UP Consolidation of Holdings Act, 1953

Which expansion does the State Advised Price (SAP) describe in Uttar Pradesh's sugarcane policy?

A price the state fixes above the central FRP

A price fixed by the Centre below the minimum support price for cereals

A subsidy paid to mills for crushing in the off-season

A price for sugarcane set by the mills without any state role

Which mango variety from Malihabad in Lucknow district carries a Geographical Indication (GI) tag?

Malihabadi Dusseheri, the GI-tagged mango of the Malihabad belt

Alphonso, the Konkan variety of Maharashtra

Malihabadi Dusseheri, the GI-tagged mango of the Malihabad belt

Totapuri, the southern variety grown in Andhra Pradesh

Kesar, the Gujarat variety grown around Junagadh

PM-KISAN, which was launched from Gorakhpur on 24 February 2019, is in which category of scheme?

A central sector scheme funded by the Centre

A state scheme of Uttar Pradesh funded entirely from the state budget

A district-level scheme run by the Gorakhpur municipal body

A cooperative credit scheme that lends through village societies

Agriculture, Land Reforms and Allied Sectors of Uttar Pradesh

This chapter answers four items of the Uttar Pradesh module of the UPPSC Combined State / Upper Subordinate Services (PCS) Examination: GS-V item V.11, land reforms and their impact; GS-VI item VI.8, commercialisation of agriculture and crop production; GS-VI item VI.11, agricultural diversity, problems and solutions; and GS-VI item VI.22, aquaculture, viticulture, sericulture, floriculture, horticulture and arboriculture. It teaches how zamindari was abolished and which tenure classes replaced it, how ceilings and consolidation (chakbandi) reshaped holdings, the law that governs land today, the crop and irrigation structure behind UP's food-grain output, and the allied sectors. The legal history is stable and taught in full; output and scheme figures are dated and their sources named.

1. Zamindari abolition and the four tenure classes

Before 1950 most of the land of the United Provinces was held by intermediaries, the zamindars and talukdars, who collected rent from the cultivators and paid revenue to the state. The reform moved in three steps. The State Assembly accepted the principle of abolition in 1946, a resolution commonly dated August 1946. A committee under Govind Ballabh Pant drafted the scheme and reported in 1948. The Act received presidential assent on 24 January 1951. The statute is called the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 because of its title, though it was enacted in 1951 as U.P. Act 1 of 1951. Candidates should learn both years.

The Act extinguished the rights of intermediaries and vested their estates in the state from the date fixed for vesting, which is recorded as 1 July 1952. Intermediaries were compensated. Compensation was computed as a multiple of their net assets, the Act's own measure, commonly summarised as eight times net assets, and a separate graded rehabilitation grant was payable to smaller intermediaries. The Act did not leave the old tangle of tenures in place. It created four classes of rights in land, listed below in the commonly accepted order.

The four tenure classes under the 1950 Act, as commonly summarised
Tenure	Position under the Act
Bhumidhar	The highest tier: an owner-type right, heritable and, for most bhumidhars, transferable. Later amendments restricted transfer for some categories.
Sirdar	A permanent, heritable right of the cultivator, short of full ownership. Most sirdars were later converted into bhumidhars.
Asami	A tenant with heritable but limited rights, the class left with the least security under the Act.
Adhivasi	A transitional class meant to be temporary; later amendments absorbed it into the sirdar category.

⚠️ Four classes, two years, one title

Remember the sequence: title 1950, enactment January 1951, vesting 1 July 1952. The four classes are bhumidhar, sirdar, asami and adhivasi. Asami is the least secure class, and adhivasi is the transitional one, not the permanent heritable class. Mixing these up is the commonest error on tenure questions.

Later amendments moved tenants up the ladder. Later amendments progressively converted many sirdars and adhivasis into bhumidhars, so that the bhumidhar became the dominant class in the state. The logic to teach is directional: almost every change after 1950 gave the cultivator a stronger, more owner-like right, and the policy debate has since turned to the records and transfer rules that followed.

2. Land ceilings and consolidation of holdings (chakbandi)

The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1960 limited the land one tenure-holder could hold. Land above the ceiling was to be declared surplus and vested in the state for distribution to landless and small cultivators. The 1972 amendment set the ceiling in irrigated land. For a tenure-holder whose family has up to five members, the ceiling is 7.30 hectares of irrigated land. Section 5(3) adds two hectares of irrigated land for each adult son who is not himself a tenure-holder (or who holds less than two hectares, topping him up to two), subject to a maximum of six hectares of such additional land; a family of more than five members is dealt with separately in clause (b).

⚠️ 7.30 hectares, not 12.5 acres

Notes and online answers often quote 12.5 acres as the ceiling. That figure does not match the statutory text of the 1972 amendment, which is 7.30 hectares of irrigated land (about 18 acres) for a family of up to five. Keep the figures apart and tie each to its provision: 7.30 hectares is the base, and the adult-son addition and the larger-family allowance are separate provisions.

The Uttar Pradesh Consolidation of Holdings Act, 1953 governs chakbandi. Scattered plots of one owner are exchanged so that each owner ends with fewer, compact plots, called chaks. The Act was passed by the legislature in 1953 and received presidential assent in 1954. In practice the Consolidation Officer and staff prepare a scheme for a village, hear objections, and demarcate the new plots. The gain is a single parcel that can be irrigated, ploughed and fenced; the cost is a long and contested process that many villages have resisted.

Implementation has been uneven. Surplus land was often declared under relatives' names or reclassified to fall below the limit. Benami transfers were common. Official reports on how much declared surplus land reached beneficiaries are dated, so a Mains answer should describe the pattern (large areas declared, a smaller area distributed, much of it poor-quality) and cite the latest Revenue Department figures rather than an old number.

3. The present framework: the UP Revenue Code, 2006

The Uttar Pradesh Revenue Code, 2006 is the consolidated land and revenue statute that replaced a patchwork of tenancy and revenue laws. The legislature passed it in 2006 and it received presidential assent in 2012. Its commencement was staggered: a few sections came into force on 18 December 2015, and the remaining provisions on 11 February 2016, which court rulings and commentaries cite as the main commencement date. Treat 2016 as the year the Code took effect and check the notification before quoting a day. The Code repealed the United Provinces Land Revenue Act, 1901 and the Zamindari Abolition Act of 1950, among other enactments. Courts have held that it applies to areas that were earlier governed by the 1950 Act, including areas added to municipal limits later.

The Code also changed the transfer rules for Scheduled Caste bhumidhars, and those changes were among the most debated provisions of the law. The Code therefore shows a law that was passed, delayed for a decade and then reshaped by political argument. For examination purposes it is the current consolidated framework, and the older statutes matter mainly for the history they explain.

Land-law milestones in Uttar Pradesh
Year	Milestone	Why it matters
1950 (title), 1951 (enacted)	Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act	Abolished intermediaries; created four tenure classes
1953	Consolidation of Holdings Act	Reorganised scattered plots into compact chaks
1960	Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act	First ceiling law for the state
1972	Ceiling amendment	Ceiling set at 7.30 ha of irrigated land (family up to five)
2016	Revenue Code in force (main commencement 11 February 2016; some sections from 18 December 2015)	Consolidated land and revenue law; repealed the 1950 and 1901 Acts

4. Crop structure and commercialisation (VI.8)

Uttar Pradesh's agriculture rests on Indo-Gangetic alluvium: the Ganga-Yamuna doab, the Ghaghara and Gandak plains of the east, the Terai along the Nepal border, and the drier Bundelkhand and Vindhyan uplands in the south. Three seasons structure the year. Kharif (rice, maize, sugarcane, bajra and pulses) is sown with the monsoon. Rabi (wheat, barley, gram, mustard and potato) is sown in winter. Zaid (summer vegetables, moong and fodder) fills the gap. The state Economic Survey 2025-26, tabled on 9 February 2026, reports food-grain output of 737.4 lakh metric tonnes in 2024-25, the highest of any state, and a rise in the state's share of national food-grain output from 18.1 per cent in 2017-18 to 20.6 per cent in 2024-25.

Selected farm indicators, as reported in the state Economic Survey 2025-26
Indicator	Value	Year
Food-grain output	737.4 lakh metric tonnes	2024-25
Irrigated area	2.76 crore ha (2.16 crore ha in 2017-18)	2024-25
Cropping intensity	193.7 per cent	2024-25

Commercialisation (VI.8) means the shift from subsistence grains to crops sold in the market, and the examination expects four cases taught as models. Each is set out below with its institutional frame.

Sugarcane. UP has been India's largest sugarcane producer in recent seasons, grown mainly in western UP, the Terai and the eastern belt. Mills buy cane at the State Advised Price (SAP), which the state fixes above the central Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP). The UP Sugarcane (Regulation of Supply and Purchase) Act, 1953 governs supply, purchase and the cane areas. For the 2025-26 season the state raised SAP by Rs 30 a quintal, to Rs 400 for early varieties and Rs 390 for common varieties, as announced in October 2025. Delayed payment of cane dues is a recurring political issue.
Potato. UP is India's largest potato producer. Agra, Farrukhabad, Kannauj and Hathras are major growing districts. Cold storage capacity and the supply of quality seed are the recurring constraints on the trade.
Mentha (Japanese mint oil). UP dominates India's mentha output, with Barabanki and Budaun among the principal districts. The Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) at Lucknow is the research body. Mentha is a useful example of a commercial crop whose area depends on price and processing, so check current output figures before quoting them.
Mango. UP is India's largest mango producer. The Malihabadi Dusseheri mango of Lucknow district carries a Geographical Indication (GI) tag, and the orchard belt around Malihabad is the commercial core of the trade.

⚠️ SAP is not FRP

The central government announces the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) for cane. The state adds its own State Advised Price (SAP) above it. Candidates swap the two in answers. The SAP figure is also perishable: it is set every season, so cite it with its season and announcement date.

5. Diversity, problems and solutions (VI.11)

UP's agriculture is varied in landscape and crops: the Tarai, the Western Plain, the Central Plain, the Eastern Plain, Bundelkhand and the Vindhyan belt. The state's agro-climatic zones are usually given as nine, reflecting soil, rainfall and topography. Sources differ on which district belongs to which zone, so learn the broad regions and their character rather than a fixed district list. The problems, however, recur across regions.

Fragmentation. Small and marginal holdings dominate, which limits mechanisation and private irrigation investment. Chakbandi is the statutory answer, and its slow progress is the reason it remains a standing item in policy debate.
Groundwater depletion. Tubewells supply most irrigation in the Western and Central plains. Falling water tables, power subsidy costs and the electricity supply to pumps are linked. Micro-irrigation is the policy response; its area is still a small share of the 2.76 crore hectares irrigated, so check the Survey's latest series before quoting a figure.
Floods, drought and erosion. The Ghaghara, Gandak and Rapti belts are flood-prone. Bundelkhand has rocky, undulating land, erratic rainfall and low groundwater. Erosion of the ravines and the Chambal-Yamuna margins is a local but serious problem.
Soil health. Parts of the plains suffer from alkaline and saline soils, known locally as usar land, and from nutrient imbalance under heavy fertiliser use. Soil-health cards and balanced fertilisation address this, but the gains are slow to show.

🎯 Diversification: what to quote

Pulses and oilseeds are the main diversification options against cereal dominance, and the state has set area targets for pulses. Quote the Survey's area series for exact figures, and link diversification to price support, irrigation and the risk of sugarcane arrears.

6. Allied sectors: horticulture, dairy, fisheries and sericulture (VI.22)

The allied sectors are where rural income in UP diversifies beyond grain. Dairy is the largest of them. The Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2025, as reported in the state Survey, put UP's milk output at about 15.66 per cent of India's total and first in rank, rising from 290.52 lakh tonnes in 2017-18 to 388.15 lakh tonnes in 2024-25. The state also holds the largest livestock population of any state in the 20th Livestock Census of 2019, at roughly 6.8 crore animals. Horticulture is the most valuable crop-side allied activity, covering mango, potato, vegetables and flowers.

Allied sectors at a glance
Sector	Core fact	Note for answers
Dairy	UP ranks first in milk output	Use the Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics and the year
Fisheries	Pond-based aquaculture expanded sharply	Output rose from 6.3 to 13.31 lakh tonnes, 2017-18 to 2024-25
Sericulture	Mulberry is the main silk; tasar and eri in the eastern and Terai belts	Production figures conflict; cite the Directorate of Sericulture
Horticulture	Mango, potato, vegetables and flowers lead	UP leads for mango and potato; check National Horticulture Board data
Viticulture	Marginal; grape cultivation is small in the state	A good example of a category the syllabus names but the state does not lead in
Arboriculture	Tree planting on farms and agro-forestry	Link to the forest policy taught in the environment chapter

⚠️ A central scheme launched from UP is not a UP scheme

PM-KISAN was launched at Gorakhpur on 24 February 2019, yet it is a central sector scheme paying Rs 6,000 a year to farmer families in three instalments of Rs 2,000, funded by the Centre. Questions that ask which scheme is 'of UP' or 'launched by the state' need the state's own schemes. Read the launch place as a fact of history, not as a test of ownership.

Market regulation sits beside production. The UP Krishi Utpadan Mandi Adhiniyam, 1964 regulates the sale and purchase of agricultural produce and establishes the regulated markets and market committees. Most reform debates, including contract farming and direct sale, concern this Act. Teach its purpose, which is regulation of sale and provision of markets, rather than a count of mandis, which changes.

Key takeaways

Land reform in UP ran in three layers: abolition of intermediaries under the 1950 Act (vested 1 July 1952), ceilings under the 1960 Act as amended in 1972 (7.30 ha of irrigated land for a family of up to five), and consolidation under the 1953 Act.
The four tenure classes are bhumidhar, sirdar, asami and adhivasi. Later amendments moved most tenants toward bhumidhar status, and the 1950 title year differs from the 1951 enactment.
The UP Revenue Code, 2006, in force from 2016, is the current consolidated land and revenue framework; it repealed the 1950 Zamindari Act and the 1901 Land Revenue Act.
UP's crop economy rests on rice, wheat, sugarcane, potato and mango. Food-grain output reached 737.4 lakh tonnes in 2024-25. The state sets SAP for cane above the central FRP, and the figure changes every season.
Fragmentation, groundwater decline, floods, drought and soil problems are the recurring constraints; chakbandi, micro-irrigation, pulses and oilseeds diversification and soil-health cards are the policy responses.
In the allied sectors UP ranks first in milk output, fish output more than doubled between 2017-18 and 2024-25, and sericulture is led by mulberry silk. Horticulture leads for mango and potato.

Practice questions (15)

Attempt each one before opening the answer. Every explanation names the tempting wrong option as well as the right one, because that is where marks are lost.

Which of the following was NOT one of the four tenure classes created by the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950?
1. Bhumidhar, the owner-type class with heritable rights
2. Sirdar, the permanent heritable class of cultivators
3. Asami, the tenant class with heritable but limited rights
4. Raiyatwari, a revenue system of other regions
Show answer
Answer: D — Raiyatwari, a revenue system of other regions
The four classes created by the Act are bhumidhar, sirdar, asami and adhivasi. Raiyatwari is a revenue system of other regions, not a tenure class under UP's 1950 Act. The tempting error is to pick adhivasi as the odd one out, because it is the most obscure of the four; it belongs to the list.
According to the Act's own vesting provision, from which date did the estates of intermediaries stand vested in the state?
1. 1 July 1952
2. 26 January 1950
3. 15 August 1947
4. 1 January 1951
Show answer
Answer: A — 1 July 1952
The vesting date recorded for the Act is 1 July 1952, which is the date that matters for vesting questions. The Act's title year 1950, and the January 1951 enactment, are different dates and are the usual distractors. The constitutional commencement of 26 January 1950 has nothing to do with the vesting of estates.
Consider the following statements about the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 and select the correct answer using the codes given below.
P. The Act abolished the rights of intermediaries and vested their estates in the state.
Q. No compensation was payable to intermediaries under the Act.
R. Its title carries the year 1950, though it was enacted in 1951 as U.P. Act 1 of 1951.
S. Adhivasi was a permanent and heritable tenure class created by the Act.
1. P and Q only
2. P and R only
3. Q and S only
4. P, R and S only
Show answer
Answer: B — P and R only
P is correct: abolition and vesting are the Act's core. R is correct: the title year differs from the enactment year. Q is false because compensation was paid, at a multiple of net assets. S is false because adhivasi was a transitional class meant to be temporary, not a permanent heritable one.
Arrange the following land-law events in the order in which they occurred.
I. Consolidation of Holdings Act passed by the legislature
II. Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1960
III. Ceiling amendment of 1972 substituting new sections for the principal Act
IV. UP Revenue Code, 2006 brought into force
1. II, I, III, IV
2. I, III, II, IV
3. I, II, III, IV
4. I, II, IV, III
Show answer
Answer: C — I, II, III, IV
Consolidation was passed in 1953, the ceiling Act is 1960, the amendment is 1972, and the Revenue Code was brought into force in 2016. The tempting error is to place the ceiling Act before consolidation because both are 'holding' laws; the years settle the order. Note that the Code's passage in 2006 precedes its enforcement, which is why it must be dated by enforcement.
Under the 1972 amendment to the Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1960, what is the ceiling area for a tenure-holder whose family has up to five members?
1. 12.5 acres of land for a family of any size
2. 9 hectares of irrigated land for a family of up to five
3. 7.30 hectares of irrigated land held by the family
4. 40 acres of fair-quality land for each family
Show answer
Answer: C — 7.30 hectares of irrigated land held by the family
Section 5(3)(a) of the Act as amended sets 7.30 hectares of irrigated land for a family of up to five. The 12.5 acre figure, about 5 hectares, is the most tempting wrong option because it circulates in notes, but it is not the statutory figure. The other options name areas that do not match this provision for a family of this size.
What is the principal purpose of chakbandi under the Uttar Pradesh Consolidation of Holdings Act?
1. To replace scattered plots with fewer compact plots
2. To fix the price at which sugarcane is bought from growers
3. To abolish the rights of intermediaries in all estates
4. To declare land above the ceiling as surplus for distribution
Show answer
Answer: A — To replace scattered plots with fewer compact plots
Chakbandi exchanges scattered plots so each owner holds fewer, compact chaks, which makes irrigation and cultivation possible. Sugarcane pricing is the SAP, abolition of intermediaries is the 1950 Act, and declaring surplus is the ceiling law. Each wrong option names a real law's function, which is why the distractors look plausible.
Under the UP Revenue Code, 2006, which of the following is correct about the statute's relationship with earlier laws?
1. It repealed the 1950 Zamindari Act and the 1901 Land Revenue Act, among other enactments
2. It was enforced in 2006, the year the legislature passed it, and applied at once everywhere
3. It gave Scheduled Caste bhumidhars no transfer rights, so they could not sell or mortgage land
4. It applies only to areas that were never governed by the 1950 Act, leaving older zones under the 1901 Act
Show answer
Answer: A — It repealed the 1950 Zamindari Act and the 1901 Land Revenue Act, among other enactments
The Code repealed the 1950 Act and the 1901 Act, among other enactments. It was passed in 2006 but its main provisions were enforced from 11 February 2016, so the claim that it took effect in 2006 is wrong. It changed the transfer rules for SC bhumidhars without removing their transfer rights altogether, and courts have held it applies to areas previously under the 1950 Act, not only to areas never under it.
Which Act regulates the sale and purchase of agricultural produce and establishes regulated markets and market committees in Uttar Pradesh?
1. UP Sugarcane (Regulation of Supply and Purchase) Act, 1953
2. UP Consolidation of Holdings Act, 1953
3. UP Krishi Utpadan Mandi Adhiniyam, 1964
4. UP Land Revenue Act, 1901
Show answer
Answer: C — UP Krishi Utpadan Mandi Adhiniyam, 1964
The Krishi Utpadan Mandi Adhiniyam, 1964 governs regulated markets for agricultural produce. The sugarcane Act governs cane supply to mills, the consolidation Act governs plots, and the 1901 Act is the old revenue statute. Learn each Act by its subject, since the years of the first and second are the same and tempt a careless candidate.
In a state, the net sown area is 100 lakh hectares and the cropping intensity is 193.7 per cent. What is the gross cropped area?
1. 100 lakh hectares
2. 51.6 lakh hectares
3. 193.7 lakh hectares
4. 293.7 lakh hectares
Show answer
Answer: C — 193.7 lakh hectares
Cropping intensity is gross cropped area as a percentage of net sown area, so gross cropped area is 1.937 times 100 lakh hectares, which is 193.7 lakh hectares. Adding 100 to the intensity gives 293.7, which is the tempting slip. Dividing instead of multiplying gives about 51.6 lakh hectares, which is also wrong. The state figure is from the 2024-25 Survey and is perishable.
Which expansion does the State Advised Price (SAP) describe in Uttar Pradesh's sugarcane policy?
1. A price the state fixes above the central FRP
2. A price fixed by the Centre below the minimum support price for cereals
3. A subsidy paid to mills for crushing in the off-season
4. A price for sugarcane set by the mills without any state role
Show answer
Answer: A — A price the state fixes above the central FRP
SAP is the State Advised Price, fixed by the state and paid over and above the central FRP. The 'below MSP' option describes no sugarcane price, and the subsidy and mill-only options describe other instruments. The key trap is treating SAP as the central figure, which is the FRP.
As announced in October 2025 for the 2025-26 crushing season, by how much did the state raise the State Advised Price for early-variety sugarcane?
1. Rs 10 a quintal
2. Rs 20 a quintal
3. Rs 40 a quintal
4. Rs 30 a quintal
Show answer
Answer: D — Rs 30 a quintal
The early-variety SAP rose from Rs 370 to Rs 400 a quintal, an increase of Rs 30, and the common variety rose from Rs 360 to Rs 390, also Rs 30. Rs 40 is not the announced increase for either variety; the rate is perishable and must be read with its season.
Consider the following statements about agriculture and allied sectors in Uttar Pradesh and select the correct answer using the codes given below.
P. Uttar Pradesh was the largest producer of food grains in India in 2024-25, according to the state Economic Survey.
Q. The state ranked first in India in milk output in the period reported by the Survey.
R. Fish output more than doubled between 2017-18 and 2024-25.
S. Uttar Pradesh is the largest tea-producing state in India.
1. P and S only
2. P, Q and R only
3. Q and S only
4. R and S only
Show answer
Answer: B — P, Q and R only
P, Q and R are all taken from the Survey's figures: food-grain leadership in 2024-25, a first rank in milk output, and fish output rising from 6.3 to 13.31 lakh tonnes. S is false, since tea is not a crop in which UP leads. The trap is to accept S because tea is an agricultural commodity that most candidates associate with other states.
Which of the following is NOT a silk variety produced in Uttar Pradesh's sericulture?
1. Mulberry silk
2. Tasar silk
3. Eri silk
4. Muga silk
Show answer
Answer: D — Muga silk
Mulberry is the dominant silk in UP, while tasar and eri are produced in the eastern and Terai belts. Muga is the golden silk associated with Assam and is not a significant UP variety. Choose the answer by the state's known varieties, and treat the production volume figures as perishable.
Which mango variety from Malihabad in Lucknow district carries a Geographical Indication (GI) tag?
1. Alphonso, the Konkan variety of Maharashtra
2. Malihabadi Dusseheri, the GI-tagged mango of the Malihabad belt
3. Totapuri, the southern variety grown in Andhra Pradesh
4. Kesar, the Gujarat variety grown around Junagadh
Show answer
Answer: B — Malihabadi Dusseheri, the GI-tagged mango of the Malihabad belt
The Malihabadi Dusseheri is the GI-tagged mango of the Malihabad belt. Alphonso and Kesar are famous varieties from other states, and Totapuri is a southern variety, so none of them is a Malihabad product. The GI tag is a registered legal status, so the question is one of fact rather than of taste.
PM-KISAN, which was launched from Gorakhpur on 24 February 2019, is in which category of scheme?
1. A central sector scheme funded by the Centre
2. A state scheme of Uttar Pradesh funded entirely from the state budget
3. A district-level scheme run by the Gorakhpur municipal body
4. A cooperative credit scheme that lends through village societies
Show answer
Answer: A — A central sector scheme funded by the Centre
PM-KISAN is a central sector scheme, funded by the Centre, which transfers Rs 6,000 a year to farmer families. The launch place does not make it a state scheme. The trap is to read the launch in Gorakhpur as a sign of state ownership, which is a common confusion in this syllabus.